Hantavirus: Symptoms, Transmission, and Treatment

What is hantavirus?

Hantavirus refers to "a group of viruses spread by rodents that can cause illnesses of varying severity in humans." In Northern Europe, the Puumala virus causes nephropathia epidemica (bank vole fever), typically affecting the kidneys with generally favorable outcomes, though symptoms can be intense and may require hospitalization. Globally, these viruses cause kidney-related infections in Europe and Asia, while certain American strains produce severe respiratory complications.

How does hantavirus spread?

Transmission primarily occurs through "inhaling dust contaminated with rodent urine, droppings, or saliva." High-risk environments include cottages, cabins, storage buildings, sheds, barns, and poorly ventilated indoor spaces. Direct contact with contaminated surfaces and rare rodent bites also transmit infection. Most hantaviruses don't spread between people, except the Andes virus in South America, where "limited human-to-human transmission has been reported after close and prolonged contact."

Hantavirus symptoms

The incubation period typically ranges from 1 to 6 weeks, with "many cases developing symptoms after approximately 2 to 4 weeks." Early symptoms resemble common viral infections: high fever, headache, muscle aches, severe fatigue, nausea, and abdominal discomfort. Northern European cases may include back pain, visual disturbances, temporary kidney dysfunction, and reduced urine output. Severe infections can cause cough, shortness of breath, fluid accumulation in lungs, and rapid deterioration.

When should you see a doctor?

Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms appear after possible rodent exposure, especially with high fever, breathing difficulties, severe weakness, confusion, dehydration, reduced urine output, visual disturbances, or severe back or abdominal pain. Inform healthcare professionals about rodent exposure history.

How is hantavirus diagnosed and treated?

Diagnosis relies on "symptoms, possible exposure history, and laboratory testing," using antibody or PCR testing. "There is usually no specific antiviral treatment for hantavirus." Management focuses on supportive care: fluid management, pain and fever control, hospital observation, respiratory support if needed, and kidney function monitoring. Severe cases may require intensive care.

Latest information about hantavirus exposure

In May 2026, the World Health Organization reported eight hantavirus cases linked to cruise ship MV Hondius, with three deaths and five confirmed Andes virus infections. "The situation was considered unusual because exposure occurred in a closed environment involving passengers and crew members from several countries." WHO recommended 45-day symptom monitoring for exposed individuals.